Optical Properties of Thin Germanium Films in the Wavelength Range 2000-6000 Angstroms

"Anomalous Photovoltaic Effect In Orthorhombic Sulfur," W. Ruppel and P. M. Grant, Solid State Commun.  4, 649 (1966).  [Amazingly hundreds of volts can be generated by shining visible light on crystals of orthorhombic sulfur.  These voltages appear to arise from p-n junctions in series derived from internal strain.  The internal impedance, however, is thousands of megohms, thus not very suitable for application.]

"Photoconductivity in Garnets," P. M. Grant and W. Ruppel, Solid State Commun. 5, 543 (1967).  [Photoconductivity due to charge transfer transitions.  Phototransport measures the single particle excitation energy rather than excitonic and thus is more useful for comparison with electronic structure calculations.]

"Nondirect Processes and Optical Properties of Metals," R. K. Nesbet and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. Letters 19, 222 (1967).  [This paper was published in response to some of the early UPS experiments by Bill Spicer at Stanford and Dean Eastman at IBM which suggested that quasi-momentum might not be a good descriptive quantum number when the given excitation relaxes so fast that quasi-particle delocalization cannot occur.  I still believe this to be the case.]

"Reflectivity of YIG and YGG: Observation of Charge Transfer and Crystal Field Transitions," P. M. Grant, Appl. Phys. Letters 11, 166 (1967).  [As far as I know, this is the first reflectance measurements to be made on "spin-forbidden" d-d spectra in transition metal oxides and associated charge transfer excitations.]

"Automation of a Wide-range, General-purpose Spectrophotometric System," P. M. Grant, IBM J. Res. Develop. 13, 15 (1969).  [Pioneering paper on automation of a spectrometer using a time-shared central computer.  Many algorithms and techniques found their way into LabView.] Back to Top Ten

"Simple Light Chopper for Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy," P. M. Grant, Rev. Sci. Instr. 40, 602 (1969).  [A simple design for enabling phase sensitive detection for vacuum spectrometers.  By changing the material of the tuning fork vanes, one can selectivity reduce scattered light background in selected photon energy ranges.]

"Dependence of the E₁ Reflectivity Structure in EuO on Temperature and Doping," P. M. Grant, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1771 (1971).  [This work revealed that essentially two mechanisms of ferromagnetic order were present in these rare-earth magnetic semiconductors, one "intrinsic" through RKKY interactions, and the other "extrinsic" involving "clusters" of spins which determines the Curie temperature.  I am grateful to Meryl Shafer of Yorktown for the samples and he deserved to be a co-author.  This paper pre-empted similar experiments then in progress at Yorktown, and, as a result, never got the attention it should have.]

"Interleaving Slow- and Rapid-data-rate Experiments with a Time-sharing Laboratory Automation System," P. M. Grant, IBM J. Res. Develop. 15, 293 (1971).  [This may be the first time hardware interrupts were used on a commercial computer to record rapid and irreversible data streams interleaved with pre-scheduled acquisition of data from slower and less demanding equipment.]

"Automation of Data Acquisition in Transient Photoconductive Decay Experiments," B. H. Schechtman and P. M. Grant, IBM J. Res. Develop. 15, 296 (1971).  [An example of the type of experiment addressed in the previous paper, photoconductive decay measurements related to IBM's effort to develop xerographic materials to circumvent Xerox Corporation's selenium patents.  My co-author, Barry Schechtman, later went on to become one of the most effective managers of technology programs in IBM's research and technology laboratories.]

"Automation of a Residual Gas Analyzer on a Time-shared Computer," D. L. Raimondi, H. F. Winters, P. M. Grant and D. C. Clarke, IBM J. Res. Develop. 15, 307 (1971).  [Another example of data acquisition from a rapidly time-varying series, in this case, an RGA.  The was the first example of a residual gas analyzer (a small mass spectrometer) connected to a computer.]

"Automation of a Residual Gas Analyzer on a Time Shared Computer." H. F. Winters, D. L. Raimondi, P. M. Grant and D. C. Clarke, J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. 9, 495 (1972).  [Abstract Only.  For some strange reason, the referenced article published in JVST contains only the abstract!   In any event, the IBM JRD paper above contains all the details.]

"Computers Team Up," P. M. Grant, T. R. Lusebrink and D. G. Taupin, Industrial Research, November 1972, p. 50.  [A summary of the IBM San Jose Research Lab experiments running an in-house operating system called LABS/7, which became the core of a PC version and then LabView.  It was written by Gerd Hochweller, a post-doc from DESY and one of the most gifted coders I ever knew.  He was also a great soccer player who we "illegally" put on the Research Division using Harold Winter's IBM employee number.]

"Temperature Dependence of the Near-Infrared Optical Properties of Tetrathio-fulvalinium Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF) (TCNQ)," P. M. Grant, R. L. Greene, G. C. Wrighton and G. Castro, Phys. Rev. Letters 31, 1311 (1973).  [The founding publication by Rick Greene and me that started the world renowned IBM San Jose Research Laboratory effort on organic conductors that finally got the respect of the local management, and, more importantly, Yorktown, and won us the attention of K. Alex Mueller which was to be of major consequence 13 years later.]

"Optical Reflectivity of TTF-TCNQ," P. M. Grant, R. L. Greene and G. Castro, Solid State Commun. 14, 100 (1974).  [Abstract Only. This was actually a presentation I had given at a conference in Gatlinburg, TN, 9/10-12/1973.  Essentially an encapulation of our PRL paper above.]

"Low-Temperature Specific Heat of Polysulfur Nitride, (SN)_x," R. L. Greene, P. M. Grant and G. B. Street, Phys. Rev. Letters 34, 89 (1975).  [The seminal paper that led to the discovery of superconductivity in (SN)_x.  This experiment arose from an RPI satellite conference that featured a talk by Jerry Perlstein revealed a "sort of" metallic resistivity temperature dependence, but with a low temperature upturn.  I convinced Bryan Street to make us a sample that Rick and I could unambiguously determine a low temperature metallic state by detecting a linear temperature dependence.]

"The Preparation and Characterization of Crystals of the Superconducting Polymer, (SN)_x," G. B. Street, H. Arnal, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant and R. L. Greene, Mat. Res. Bull. 10, 877 (1975).      [(SN)_x was first fabricated in 1910 by a chemist named Burt who also suspected it was a metal.  It wasn't until the interest in polymeric conductors arose fostered by TTF-TCNQ and the search for superconductivity brought it back into focus again.  Thanks to the talents of Bryan Street, (SN)_x crystals sufficiently pure were made which resulted in the discovery of superconductivity at 300 degrees...millikelvin degrees!]

"Orthogonalized-Plane-Wave Band Structure of Polymeric Sulfur Nitride, (SN)_x," W. E. Rudge and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. Letters 35, 1799 (1975).  [A great paper that corrected an error published in PRL by Marvin Cohen and Michael Schluter on their pseudopotential band structure where they had inadvertently entered a cell lattice constant as a negative number!]

"Comparison of the Physical Properties of Polysulfur Nitride, (SN)_x, to Related Organic Polymer Systems and (TTF)(TCNQ)," P. M. Grant, R. L. Greene, W. D. Gill, W. E. Rudge and G. B. Street, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 32, 171 (1976).  [Paper behind a talk I gave in Bordeaux in the summer of 1975 (partly in French!), a two month trip through Europe which will be featured in my memoirs.  A memorable meeting occurred with Michelle Boudeulle, a lovely French scientist who painstaking electron diffraction studies undertaken in her PhD thesis first revealed the unit cell symmetry and constants of (SN)_x.  Without her contributions, never fully appreciated, the physics of polysulfur nitride would have taken much longer to solve.]

"Specific Heat of Polysulfur Nitride, (SN)_x," J. M. E. Harper, R. L. Greene, P. M. Grant and G. B. Street, Phys. Rev. B15, 539 (1977).  [Part of the Stanford PhD thesis of Jim Harper, who went on to fame at IBM Yorktown where he participated in the discovery of ion-beam-assisted-deposition (IBAD) with Jerry Cuomo (no relation).  Jim's work showed the anisotropy of the lattice specific heat of (SN)_x, in retrospect first demonstrated in MgB₂ in 1954, which contained an indication of superconductivity as well.  In 1954!]

"Structure and Electronic Properties of Polymeric Sulfur Nitride, (SN_)x, Modified by Bromine," W. D. Gill, W. Bludau, R. H. Geiss, P. M. Grant, R. L. Greene, J. J. Mayerle and G. B. Street, Phys. Rev. Letters 38, 1305 (1977).  [A great surprise...due to the ingenuity of Bill Gill and Bryan Street, and the hard work of my postdoc, Wolfgang Bludau, barely two weeks off the plane from MRI-Stuttgart.  A 300 mK superconductor suddenly tripled to 900, all explained by an increase in the D-O-S because of doping.]

"Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Polysulfur Nitride, (SN)_x," P. M. Grant, W. E. Rudge and I. B. Ortenburger, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 65, Organic Conductors and Semiconductors, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977), p. 575.  [This was the paper that revealed why polysulfur nitride survived the low-dimensional instabilities, such as Peierls-Frohlich which resulted in insulating behavior, preserving the metallic state to low enough temperatures for superconductivity to provide the symmetry breaking of the Fermi surface.  Interestingly, the Fermi surface of the 40 K superconductor, magnesium diboride, MbB₂, is qualitative similar to that of (SN)_x, and the reason for the lower Tc of the latter is still an open question (one should note that (SN)_x does exhibit a weak Kohn anomaly in neutron scattering...one might have thought this might have enhanced the electron-phonon pairing strength...apparently not). The Fermi surfaces in this paper were calculated and plotted by Will Rudge, and as far as I know, this is the only publication where they can be found.  Irene Ortenburger (nee, Beardsley), to become famous as the first woman alpinist to reach the summit of Annapurna derived the plasma and dielectric tenors from the band structure dispersion calculations of Rudge.]

"X-Ray and Ultraviolet Photoemission of Polymeric Sulfur Nitride, (SN)_x," P. Mengel, I. B. Ortenburger, W. E. Rudge and P. M. Grant, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 65, Organic Conductors and Semiconductors, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977), p. 591.  [This paper and the previous one were based on presentations given at the 1976 Conference on Organic Conductors and Semiconductors at Siofok, a resort city on Lake Balaton in Hungary.  These were times when the Cold War was still in full swing and the Siofok meeting was the first time many of us from the West met our counterparts in the Soviet Union...but that is another story.  The photoemission work was done by my post-doc, Peter Mengel from Karlsruhe, one of the most delightful and gentle Germans I ever met.  His main drawback was that he smoked incredibly obnoxious smelling cigars.]

"Vibronic Structure in the "Metallic" Reflection Band of the (TCNQ)⁰ Crystal," M. R. Philpott, P. M. Grant, K. Syassen and J-M. Turlet, J. Chem. Phys. 67, 4229 (1977).  [This was Mike Philpott pointing out to me how one could confuse the optical properties of a strong singlet exciton with the plasma edge of a so-called "metal."  This issue became really important later on for high-Tc compounds.  Thanks, Mike. As I recall, Klaus Syassen joined the staff of MPI Stuttgart, and Jean-Marie Turlet to the faculty of CNRS-Bordeaux. The IBM World Trade Post-Doc program was one of the most enlightened initiatives ever undertaken by corporate America.]

"Pressure Dependence of the Drude Optical Edge of Tetrathiofulvalinium (TTF) and Tetraselenafulvalinium (TSeF) Tetracyanoquinodimethanide (TCNQ)," B. Welber, P. E. Seiden and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B18, 2692 (1978).  [The late Phil Seiden, a former TV "Whiz Kid," was one of the great leaders and supporters of basic science in the IBM Research Division and became a good and close friend.  Phil was the first in the Yorktown headquarters lab to appreciate our organic superconductivity group in San Jose.  I miss him.  Our collaboration on this research convinced Phil to leave IBM management and get back to "real" research.  I will have lots more to say about Phil on these pages in the future.]

"Band Structure of Polyacetylene, (CH)_x," P. M. Grant and I. P. Batra, Solid State Commun. 29, 225 (1979).  [The definitive one-electron band structure of polyacetylene.  An important number turned out to be the interchain transfer integral which was used by others to scale the degree of "soliton confinement" essential to the intrachain transport and magnetic properties.  Although I'm first author, the idea for the paper and most of the detail work was done by my friend and colleage, Inder Batra.  I believe he developed the code for the program while on sabbatical in Yorktown. This paper turned out to be one of the most cited papers published by each of us.]

"The Role of AsF₅ in Modifying the Electrical Properties of Polyacetylene, (CH)_x," T. C. Clarke, R. H. Geiss, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, J. W. Macklin, H. Morawitz, J. F. Rabolt, D. Sayers and G. B. Street, J. C. S. Chem. Comm., 1979, p. 332.  [The point of this work was to see if AsF₅ interacts with the polyacetylene chains...it does.  A somewhat amusing incident occurred when I was driving my truck up to Stanford with the glassware in the back and on getting to SSRL we could find now evidence of arsenic pentaflouride in the x-ray spectra.  I was worried it had leaked out on Rte. 101 and poisoned hundreds of motorists!  Turned out it had leaked out through a stopcock valve in Tom Clarke's lab.]

"On the Electron-Electron Interaction as the Source of the Metallic Resistivity in TTF-TCNQ," P. E. Seiden and P. M. Grant, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 95, Quasi One-Dimensional Conductors I, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979), p. 130.  [Based on Phil's talk at the Dubrovnik conference in 1978, another wonderful gathering following on Siofok.  I never really bought into the electron-electron model fully, but Seiden was tough to argue against.  What a character.  He told during this Dubrovnik trip that as a kid he liked to stick his head out his bedroom window into the rain.  So did I.]

"Properties of Brominated (SN)_x," W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, R. H. Geiss, R. L. Greene, J. F. Kwak and R. L. Greene, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 95, Quasi One-Dimensional Conductors II, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979), p. 385.  [Bill Gill's talk at Dubrovnik on our brominated (SN)_x work.  The observed behavior suggest a shift in the size of the electron-hole pockets due to intercalation of Br^3- and subsequent modification of the interband scattering lifetimes.]

"X-Ray Absorption in Polymeric Conductors," H. Morawitz, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, G. B. Street and D. Sayers, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 95, Quasi One-Dimensional Conductors II, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979), p. 390.  [This is Hans Morawitz' Dubrovnik talk (Hans was our soccer coach and captain at SJRL) on the XANES and EXAFS spectra of brominated (SN)_x and AsF₅-doped (CH)_x, showing that both bromine and arsenic pentaflouride intercalate between the respective polymer chains.]

"Properties of Doped Polyacetylene, (CH)_x," R. L. Greene, T. C. Clarke, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, J. F. Kwak and G. B. Street, Molecular Metals, ed. by W. E. Hatfield (Plenum, 1979), p. 203.  [This paper is derived from an APS presentation given by Rick Greene reviewing the activities of "the group."]

"Phototransport Effects in Polyacetylene, (CH)_x," T. Tani, P. M. Grant, W. D. Gill, G. B. Street and T. C. Clarke, Solid State Commun. 33, 499 (1980).  [Bill Gill's IBM WTC postdoc, Toshiro Tani, performed the bulk of the experimental effort reported herein using photometric equipment in my lab.  At the end of the paper, a crude estimate was made of potential solar cell efficiency of our samples (made by Bryan and Tom), obtaining 0.002% (silicon is around 8%)!  Nonetheless, this was of the earliest papers to consider possible device promises of polymeric conductors.]

"The Mechanism of Arsenic Pentafluoride Doping of Polyacetylene," T. C. Clarke, R. H. Geiss, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, H. Morawitz, G. B. Street and D. E. Sayers, Synth. Met. 1, 21 (1980).  [Most, if not all, of the polyacetylene samples in this period were made by Tom Clarke.  This is another seminal paper in Volume 1, Number 1, of Synthetic Metals, and probably the most definitive study of the chemistry of AsF₅ in (CH)_x up to that time...or since.]

"Electronic Structure of Conducting π-Electron Systems," P. M. Grant and I. P. Batra, Synth. Met. 1, 193 (1980).  [The most complete and widely quoted paper on the band structure of conducting polymers.  Period.  Full Stop (thank you, David Campbell).]

"X-Ray Absorption in Polymers," H. Morawitz, P. Bagus, T. Clarke, W. Gill, P. M. Grant and G. B. Street, Synth. Met. 1, 267 (1980).  [This paper by Hans Morawitz falls into the category of a review of all the IBM SJRD effort on core level spectroscopy on conducting polymers.  Probably this is the definitive paper on this subject then and perhaps now.]

"Photoconductivity and Junction Properties of Polyacetylene Films," T. Tani, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, T. C. Clarke and G. B. Street, Synth. Met. 1, 301 (1980).  [The main purpose of this paper was to pin down the single particle band gap of (CH)_x and compare with band structure calculations.  In a way, it was a "prequel" to an upcoming paper on JFET and MOSFET devices presented at the 1980 conducting organics meeting in Helsingor, Denmark...but that's another story!]

"Polypyrrole: An Electrochemically Synthesized Conducting Organic Polymer," K. K. Kanazawa, A. F. Diaz, W. D. Gill, P. M. Grant, G. B. Street, G. P. Gardini and J. F. Kwak, Synth. Met. 1, 329 (1980).  [Bryan Street and Art Diaz came up with the idea of looking at polypyrrole as a precursor conducting polymer.  The "doping" was performed by oxidation during growth.  The resulting samples were metallic (as nailed by thermopower measurments) and very stabile under ambient storage compared to polyacetylene.]

"ac Conductivity of Semiconducting trans-Polyacetylene," P. M. Grant and M. Krounbi, Solid State Commun. 36, 291 (1980).  [This is the first paper to reveal the presence of a depletion/accumulation layer in Schottky barriers of blocking contacts to doped polyacetylene raising the possibility of creating JFET type devices.]

"Properties of Metal/Polyacetylene Schottky Barriers," P. M. Grant, T. Tani, W. D. Gill, M. Krounbi and T. C. Clarke, J. Appl. Phys. 52, 869 (1981).  [The first attempt to fabricate thin film field effect transistors employing organic polymer semiconductors.  Our gates were too "leaky" and we saw "transistor action," but no gain.  Such devices were subsequently successfully made by Richard Friend and his collaborators at the Cavendish, and later became notorious because of the miss-conduct by Schoen and colleagues at Bell Labs.  Mohammed Krounbi, a Lebanese American, later went on to pioneer manufacturing of magnetorestive read heads for inductive magnetic recording and became a VP of one of the hard disk companies in Silicon Valley.]

"Band-structure Parameters of a series of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene [(TMTSF)₂X] Compounds," P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B26, 6888 (1982).  [The beginning of another one of my "theoretical phases."  We were able to show the Fermi Surface of those Bechgaard Salts that were superconductors had closed 2D topologies and thus "immune" to other instabilities such as spin and charge density waves.]

"Mulliken-Wolfsberg-Helmholtz Band Structure of di-tetramethyltetraselenafulva-lene-X [(TMTSF)₂X]:  Role of the Basis Set," P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B27, 3934 (1983) (Rapid Communications).  [This paper revealed the magnitude of the transport properties perpendicular and parallel to the chain direction and their relative influence on the physical properties of organic superconductors.]

"Broken-Symmetry Band Structure of Ditetraethyltetraselenafulvalene-X [(TMTSF)₂X]," P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. Letters 50, 1005 (1983).  [The Bechgaard salts were a veritable solid state physics laboratory, displaying just about every phenomena known.  This paper using simple tight-binding models, and symmetry, revealed all this very clearly.]

"Self-Consistent Crystal Potential and Band Structure of Three-Dimensional Trans-Polyacetylene," P. M. Grant and I. P. Batra, J. Physique 44, C3-437 (1983).  [Paper from the Les Arcs follow on to Dubrovnik.  The last paper Inder and I collaborated on and the definitive 3-D band structure of trans-polyacetylene, including the best value for the perpendicular transfer integral pinning down the soliton confinement energy.  Oh...this was also the conference where Denis Jerome almost perished trying to ski down a certain Yank.]

"Electronic Structure of the 2:1 Charge Transfer Salts of TMTCF," P. M. Grant, J. Physique 44, C3-847 (1983).  [From the abstract:  We present a unified single particle model capable of explaining a number of experimental facts pertaining to the high and low temperature/pressure regimes of (TMTCF)₂X.  Special attention is paid to the nature and source of the interchain interaction in determining the overall physical properties of these materials.  WOW!]

"The c-Axis Interaction in (TMTSF)2," P. M. Grant, J. Physique 44, C3-1121 (1983).  [Proof that the interchain interaction protects the Bechgaard Salts from a P-F instability.  BTW, the late, great Vic Emory had the talk before me at Les Arcs...Vic complained that his BNL management accused him of "not being a real theoretician" because he didn't concentrate on band structure.  When I stood up, I claimed being a real theoretician because I indeed did band structure computations...this brought the house down!]

"Band Structure of Superconducting Charge Transfer Salts," P. M. Grant, Mat. Sci. (Poland) 10, 95 (1984).  [At present, only the abstract of this paper is available.  Apparently, the text of the paper was never published in the subject journal.  These years were "politically complex" in Poland. I hope to be able to find the manuscript in my IBM stored records.  I believe it was the prelude to my 1983 PRL publication above. **]

"X-ray Absorption Near-Edge-Structure Studies in Hexamethylenetetraselenafulvalene (HMTSF) and HMTSF-tetracynoquinodimethane (HMTSF-TCNQ) and -tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (HMTSF-TFTCNQ)," P. M. Grant, W. D. Gill, H. Morawitz, K. Bechgaard and D. E. Sayers, Phys. Rev. B30, 6973 (1984). [This paper got me into a lot of trouble with John Hubbard, who held due to the short time span of the XANES excitation, the final state was localized, and not itinerant.  I think the true state is somewhere inbetween.]

"Monte Carlo Studies of the Quantum XY Model in Two Dimensions," E. Loh, Jr., D. J. Scalapino and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B31, 4712 (1985).  [My transition from a single-particle theoretician to many-body (what Phil Seiden described as Grant becoming a "real" theoretician) projects.  Down in collaboration with Eugene Loh, one of the great natural coders of all times, and the venerable Doug Scalapino.  This was a vital "career redirection" for me.]

"Monte Carlo Simulations of the Quantum XXZ Model in Two Dimensions," E. Loh, Jr., D. J. Scalapino and P. M. Grant, Physica Scripta 32 327 (1985).  [Essentially the paper representing Eugene Loh's thesis.  "XXZ" is a better description than "XY," but the term is not as well known.]

"Reply to "Comment on 'Monte Carlo Simulations of the Quantum XXZ Model in Two Dimensions," E. Loh, Jr., D. J. Scalapino and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B33, 5104 (1986)  [This note was in response to criticism that we were not observing a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition the the spin-1/2 XXZ model, analogous to the classical spin model.  The criticism was ill-founded...to put it mildly!]

"Random Exchange Effects in Antiferromagnetic Quantum Spin Chains: A Monte Carlo Study, " H.-B. Schuttler, D. J. Scalapino and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B35, 3461 (1987).  [Bernd Schuttler was a postdoc of both Doug Scalapino and myself, and this paper was an attempt to see if there could be long range order in disordered Heisenberg chain.  There isn't.]

"Superconductivity Above Liquid Nitrogen Temperature: Preparation and Properties of a Family of Perovskite-Based Superconductors," E. M. Engler, V. Y. Lee, A. I. Nazzal, R. B. Beyers, G. Lim, P. M. Grant, S. S. P. Parkin, M. L. Ramirez, J. E. Vazquez and R. J. Savoy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2848 (1987).  [The best paper hands down, written by Ed Engler, that came out of the 1987 APS Meeting of March, 1987, the "Woodstock of Physics."  This is the first report, which I was honored to give at "Woodstock," on the structure, processing and properties, of the rare earth substitutions for yttrium.  There are two retrospective "blunders" in this paper.  One was the attribution for the lack of superconductivity in Pr-1-2-3 to the absence of the orthorhombic phase, which was due to low oxygen concentration, later the subject of a more comprehensive paper.  The other was reporting superconductivity in the Ba-Ca-Sr fractional substitution which turned out to be a blown labeling of samples!  What the hell...we were in battle!]

"High Temperature Superconductivity Research at the IBM Thomas J. Watson and Almaden Research Centers," A. P. Malozemoff and P. M. Grant, Z. Phys. B67, 275 (1987).  [Alex wrote most of this.]

"Processing, Structure, and High-Temperature Superconductivity,'' E. M. Engler, R. B. Beyers, V. Y. Lee, A. I. Nazzal, G. Lim, S. S. P. Parkin, P. M. Grant, J. E. Vazquez, M. L. Ramirez and R. D. Jacowitz, Proceedings of the Beijing International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductivity, ed. by Z. Z. Gan, G. J. Cui, G. Z. Yang and Q. S. Yang, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1987), p. 23.  [Engler's talk in China.]

"Do-It-Yourself Superconductors," P. M. Grant, New Scientist 115, 36 (1987).  [Although not exactly "peer reviewed," this article did undergo extensive scrutiny by the editors of New Scientist.  The story is about my daughter Heidi's 8th grade science demonstration and the verification of superconductivity at 91 K in YBCO by a chemistry class at Gilroy High School in California, three months after its discovery and four months before the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Bednorz and Mueller.  I was told it was distributed by UNESCO to some 15,000 third world high schools, as well as to all members of the US Congress.  This was the first "education" paper on high-Tc and subsequent "levitation kits" made available to the general public.  It may be, now in 2015, the only "money making" application of HTSC we have!]  Back to Top Ten

"Broad Search for Higher Critical Temperature in Copper Oxides: Effects of Higher Reaction Temperatures," J. B. Torrance, E. M. Engler, V. Y. Lee, A. I. Nazzal, Y. Tokura, M. L. Ramirez, J. E. Vazquez, R. D. Jacowitz and P. M. Grant, Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. S. Whittingham and T. F. George (American Chemical Society, Washington, 1987), p. 85.  [This work was motivated by the large number of "unidentified superconducting objects" that appeared in the spring and summer of 1987.  I'll set up some links to related presentations and videos later (2015).]  **

"Processing, Structure, and High-Temperature Superconductivity," E. M. Engler, R. B. Beyers, V. Y. Lee, A. I. Nazzal, G. Lim, S. S. P. Parkin, P. M. Grant, J. E. Vazquez, M. L. Ramirez and R. D. Jacowitz, Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. S. Whittingham and T. F. George (American Chemical Society, Washington, 1987), p. 266.  [Engler's ASC contribution to the application of "sound chemistry" in searching for new HTSC compounds and avoiding "USOs".]

"The Effects of Oxygen Stoichiometry and Oxygen Ordering on Superconductivity in Y₁Ba₂Cu₃O_9-x," R. Beyers, E. M. Engler, P. M. Grant, S. S. P. Parkin, G. Lim, M. L. Ramirez, K. P. Roche, J. E. Vazquez, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Jacowitz, B. T. Ahn, T. M. Gur and R. A. Huggins, Proceedings of the IX Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (Vista Hermosa, México): High Temperature Superconductors, ed. by J. Heiras, R. A. Barrio, T. Akachi and J. Tagüeña (World Scientific, Singapore, 1988), p. 38.  [A careful study of "underdoped" coulombic titration prepared YBCO samples clearly showing "granular" behavior as a function of anneal time, even in a "rarified" oxygen environment.]

"Magnetic Field Dependence of the Resistivity and Susceptibility of the Above-100 K Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu Superconductor," S. S. P. Parkin, E. M. Engler, V. Y. Lee, A. I. Nazzal, Y. Tokura, J. B. Torrance and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev B38, 7101 (1988).  [A spring 1988 work that required several iterations with PRB editors before publication.  Does contain evidence of possibly "higher Tc" in the BSSCO system.]

"The Effects of Oxygen Stoichiometry and Oxygen Ordering on Superconductivity in YBa₂Cu₃O_9-x," R. Beyers, E. M. Engler, P. M. Grant, S. S. P. Parkin, G. Lim, M. L. Ramirez, K. P. Roche, J. E. Vazquez, V. Y. Lee, R. D. Jacowitz, B. T. Ahn, T. M. Gur and R. A. Huggins, High-Temperature Superconductors Symposium, ed. by M. B. Brodsky, R. C. Dynes, K. Kitazawa and H. L. Tuller, (Materials Research Society, Pittsburg, 1988), p. 77.   [Unclear exactly when this paper was submitted/published.  Best on record is: Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 99 - 1988 Materials Research Society,]

"Studies of Superconducting Oxides with a Solid-State Ionic Technique," B. T. Ahn, T. M. Gur, R. A. Huggins, R. Beyers, E. M. Engler, P. M. Grant, S. S. P. Parkin, G. Lim, M. L. Ramirez, K. P. Roche, J. E. Vazquez, V. Y. Lee and R. D. Jacowitz, Physica C153-155, 590 (1988).   [Essentially Ahn's doctoral thesis, concentrating on coulombic titration methods.]

"Compositional Properties and Thermoelectric Power of the Superconducting Ceramic Nd_2-xCe_xCuO_4-y," M. E. López-Morales, R. Savoy and P. M. Grant, Solid State Commun. 71, 1079 (1989).   [NB:  Date of reception, 12 June 1989.  Read Summary...the evidence supporting majority n-type carrier transport is overwhelming.]

"Recent Studies on PrBa₂Cu₃O_7-y: Effect of Oxygen Concentration," P. M. Grant, A. Bezinge and M. E. López-Morales, The Science of Superconductivity and New Materials, ed. by S. Nakajima, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989), p. 69.   [A precursor to the PRB publication listed below.  Note last sentence in Conclusion...a work in progress.]

"Praseodymium 1-2-3: Intrinsic Structure, Oxygen Concentration Effects and Solid Solutions with Yttrium, Calcium and Zinc," M. E. López-Morales, A. Bezinge, P. M. Grant and D. Ríos-Jara, Physica C162-164, 61 (1989).  [Another precursor paper to the PRB paper below, this one focusing on the synthesis and structure of Y, Ca and Zn solid solutions within Pr-123.]

"High Temperature Superconductivity: A Perspective on the Current State of Affairs," P. M. Grant, Proceedings of the X Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (Cocoyoc, México): Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity, Vol. 20, ed. by T. Akachi, J. A. Cogordan and A. A. Valladares, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1989), p. 1.  [As I write this comment in November, 2015, it is now 26 years since this paper was published.  Most of what was said about progress on both the physics and applications of the copper oxide perovskites having slowed remains mostly true today as well.]

"Role of Oxygen in PrBa₂Cu₃O_7-y: Effect on Structural and Physical Properties," M. E. López-Morales, D. Ríos-Jara, J. Tagüeña, R. Escudero, S. La Placa, A. Bezinge, V. Y. Lee, E. M. Engler and P. M. Grant, Phys. Rev. B41, 6655 (1990).  [Most likely the definitive paper on the materials science and physics of Pr-1237 to date (2015].  Addresses, a still unanswered issue, why is Pr-1237 the only known CuO perovskite that is insulating at all temperatures and conducting/superconducting at none, irrespective of oxygen concentration?  This paper suggests that transport in Pr-1237 is dominated by variable range hopping instead of coherent band-mediated conductance.  This hypothesis could be tested via an appropriate Quantum Monte Carlo model, a great PhD thesis.]

"High-Temperature Superconductivity: Four Years Since Bednorz and Müller," P. M. Grant, Adv. Mat. 2, 232 (1990).  [A review of the past and prediction of the future for high temperature superconductivity.  Some of the predictions were right on and some way off...you'll have to read the article to find out.  This paper contains beautiful 3D structures of all the known layered copper oxide perovskites at the time, computed by the graphics group at the IBM Winchester Science Center. Slightly updated 19 April 2010]

"The Preparation and Processing of Bulk Superconducting Ceramic Nd_2-xCexCuO_4-y," M. E. López-Morales, R. Savoy and P. M. Grant, J. Mat. Res. 5, 2401 (1990).  [See Fig. 3 that shows the ac susceptibility onset of superconductivity at 27.5 K.  ac Susceptiblity is perhaps the most sensitive indicator of superconductivity.  This finding was verified by resistivity as well in the following Conference Proceedings publication two months later.]

"Effects of Synthetic Conditions and Reduction Processing on the Physical Properties of Ceramic Nd_2‑xCexCuO_4-y," M. E. López-Morales, B. T. Ahn, R. B. Beyers and P. M. Grant, Proceedings of the XI Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (14-17 January 1990, Cocoyoc, Morelos, México): Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity, Vol. 26, ed. by J. A. Cogordan, E. Sansores, T. Akachi and A. A. Valladares (World Scientific, Singapore, 1991), p. 93.  [Perhaps the best study done on the "n-type" copper oxide perovskites using coulomb titration methodology.  Note Fig. 2 and the onset of superconductivity at 27.5 K, at the time, and perhaps today (11/2015) as well, the world record for these compounds.]

"Antiferromagnetic Order in PrBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (x=6,7)," T. M. Riseman, J. H. Brewer, E. J. Ansaldo, P. M. Grant, M. E. López-Morales and B. M. Sternlieb, Hyperfine Interactions 63, 249 (1990).   [mu-SR study of Pr123 as a function of (Pr, Y) ratieos.  Conclusions...uncertain...Pr "tends" to Pr3+ as Y concentration decreases.]

"High Temperature Superconductivity: Challenges for the 1990's," P. M. Grant, Proceedings of the XI Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (14-17 January 1990, Cocoyoc, Morelos, México): Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity, Vol. 26, ed. by J. A. Cogordan, E. Sansores, T. Akachi and A. A. Valladares (World Scientific, Singapore, 1990), p. 1.  [Once again, the principal conclusions of this paper, that we are still a long way from a basic understanding of high temperature superconductivity and its societal application, remains true today in 2015.  Nonetheless, I maintain the wisdom contained in the Mexican proverb, "Mas vale paso que dure que trote que canse," will eventually prevail.]

"The Importance of Being N-Type," P. M. Grant, Proceedings of the XII Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (13-16 January 1991, Vista Hermosa, Morelos, México): Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity, Vol. 31, ed. by J. L. Heiras, A. A. Valladares and E. Sansores (World Scientific, Singapore, 1991), p. 169.  [The title is a "steal" from the title of Oscar Wilde's 1895 play, "The Importance of Being Earnest."  The message is that the n-types can help us understand the fundamental physics of the copper oxide perovskites.  Google the title of Wilde's play and guess what characters represent the issues addressed!]

"Electronic Structure of the 2:1 Charge Transfer Salts of TMTCF," P. M. Grant, Selected Papers in Physics (Organic Superconductors), Vol. 12, No. 20, ed. by T. Ishiguro (in Japanese) (Physical Society of Japan, Tokyo, 1991), p. 93 (reprinted from J. Physique 44, C3-847 (1983).  [A Japanese version of perhaps my most referenced publication aside from those on High-Tc.  A sweet exit from my 40 year IBM career.]

"Electrical and Magnetic Properties of La_4‑xPr_xBaCu₅O_13±y," M. E. López-Morales, F. Morales, J. L. Heiras, R. Escudero and P. M. Grant, Proceedings of the XIII Winter Meeting on Low Temperature Physics (19-22 January 1992, Vista Hermosa, Morelos, México): Progress in Low Temperature Physics, Vol. XX, ed. by R. Escudero,  T. Akachi and J. L. Heiras (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992), p. xx (in press). [Article not currently available.  It appears (as of 2015) these proceeding have not been published, therefore this entry is the sole link to a "hard copy."]

"Evidence for Granular Behavior in the Superconducting Properties of Non-Optimally Doped Copper Oxide Pervoskites," P. M. Grant, W. Y. Lee, A. Nazzal and M. E. López-Morales (in preparation).**

"Superconductivity and Electric Power:  Promises, Promises...Past, Present and Future," P. M. Grant, IEEE Trans. Appl. Super. 7, 112 (1997).  [Based on a Plenary Lecture at the 1996 Applied Superconductivity Conference held in Pittsburg. An in your face review of where power applications have been, were at in 1997, and where they might be going.  Contains a description of the "electricity pipe" concept of Grant, Schoenung and Hassenzahl]

"Preparation of Electron High Temperature Superconductors," P. Grant, M. López-Morales and R. Savoy, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 6, p.163, 6 November 1991 (SA889-0335).  [Discloses a two-step calcination process reacting Nd₂O₃ and CeO₂ to yield NdCeO_3.5 followed by a second calcination with Nd₂O₃ and CuO to yield a bulk n-type superconductor.]

"Do-It-Yourself Superconductors," P. M. Grant, New Scientist 115, 36 (1987).  [The story is about my daughter Heidi's 8th grade science demonstration and the verification of superconductivity at 91 K in YBCO by a chemistry class at Gilroy High School in California, three months after its discovery and four months before the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Bednorz and Mueller.  I was told it was distributed by UNESCO to some 15,000 third world high schools, as well as to all members of the US Congress.  This was the first "education" paper on high-Tc and subsequent "levitation kits" made available to the general public.]